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- NATURE, Page 77These Guards Just Love FishDrafting dolphins into the Navy causes an uproarBy Eugene Linden
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- If the Navy has its way, the Trident nuclear-submarine base at
- Bangor, Wash., will soon be guarded by an uncanny underwater
- surveillance system. Vastly more powerful than the Navy's most
- sophisticated sonar, it can identify real threats to the base,
- distinguishing them from the normal cacophony of noise in the cold,
- murky waters of Puget Sound. Developed at a cost of nearly $30
- million, it can spot and tag intruding divers, making it possible
- for them to be intercepted, and can outmaneuver any underwater
- machine. Yet just about the only maintenance required is 20 lbs.
- of fish a day and an occasional pat. The system, it turns out, is
- a squadron of dolphins.
-
- The mere idea that the Navy is drafting marine mammals has
- created a furor. A group of 15 organizations concerned with animal
- welfare has filed a lawsuit against the Government, charging that
- moving the dolphins from their homes in warm southern waters to the
- chilly Puget Sound will endanger the animals. Moreover, one of
- their former trainers asserts that the Navy has abused the
- dolphins. Still other critics question the wisdom of entrusting
- the security of the nation's underwater nuclear arsenal to animals,
- however clever.
-
- Despite the brouhaha, the Navy is going ahead with its plans
- to use the dolphins as guards. Thomas LaPuzza, a spokesman for the
- Naval Ocean Systems Center in San Diego, where the dolphins have
- been trained, refuses to comment on their mission, which is
- classified, but claims they are highly dependable. A thorough
- investigation by the federal Marine Mammal Commission cleared NOSC
- of charges that it had abused dolphins, and Democrat Norman Dicks,
- a Washington State Congressman who sits on the House Defense
- Appropriations subcommittee, came away from a classified briefing
- on the project reassured that the animals "are more reliable than
- anything else we've got for this assignment."
-
- The Navy started training dolphins more than 20 years ago. At
- first they were given benign missions like retrieving objects from
- the sea bottom and helping in underwater-rescue efforts.
- Inevitably, however, it occurred to military planners that the
- highly intelligent dolphins, which can swim at speeds of up to 26
- m.p.h., dive more than 1,000 ft. and find a vitamin capsule while
- blindfolded, might be turned into underwater patrols.
-
- In the late 1960s at the Naval Undersea Center in Point Mugu,
- Calif., and then in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, dolphins were trained for
- duty in the Viet Nam War. In particular, the animals learned to
- attack objects with barbed darts. The plan was to have dolphins
- help protect Cam Ranh Bay by sticking darts into enemy divers who
- approached. Each dart was attached to a spool of tough thread and
- a float. When surface patrols spotted the float, they could reel
- in the hooked diver.
-
- The extent to which dolphins were used in the war is classified
- information, but rumors persist that they killed enemy divers.
- Point Mugu veterans consider it more probable that the animals
- helped capture divers alive for interrogation. Upon realizing what
- the dolphins' mission would be, some of the trainers begged off
- being part of the final preparation of the animals. Says one: "The
- whole program was a hideous use of the most benevolent creatures
- I ever had the chance to know. To the dolphins, it was all games."
-
- According to people once involved in military dolphin projects,
- the animals will be used in Puget Sound in much the same way as
- they were in Viet Nam. One probable difference is that the dolphins
- will simply mark the location of the intruder or ensnare swimmers
- through some means less brutal than darts. Unless war breaks out,
- underwater saboteurs at the Trident base are more likely to be
- antinuclear protesters or animal-rights activists than enemy
- agents. That raises the bizarre possibility that dolphins might
- help the Navy arrest dolphin lovers.
-
- Some scientists scoff at the notion that dolphins provide an
- effective defense against intruders. Says Stephen Leatherwood, a
- Point Mugu alumnus who subsequently spent ten years with NOSC:
- "Wouldn't you like to have more reliable protection for your loved
- one than an animal who one day might decide that it would rather
- be a dolphin than a soldier?" Leatherwood believes these projects
- demonstrate capabilities and thus keep research funds flowing,
- rather than serve any real operational purpose.
-
- Sadly, whether dolphins make good soldiers or not, their use
- by the military puts them under suspicion. Paranoid governments may
- feel compelled to kill strange dolphins that suddenly appear in
- the vicinity of military installations. Says Leatherwood: "Using
- dolphins raises the question about whether we have the right to
- involve wild animals of intelligence and perhaps conscience in our
- most vile and reprehensible activity, warfare."